Optical Bypassing Using a WDM-Gridconnect Patchwork

Abstract-In this letter, the properties of transparent wavelength routed transport networks are analyzed which are based on a wavelength-divsion multiplexing (WDM)-Gridconnect patchwork and compared to networks built on a conventional fiber infrastructure. The patchwork represents an example of a partitioned wavelength routed fiber-optic transport network using optical bypassing. The cumulative transit traffic and path length statistics are calculated. Based on these results, recommendations for the transparent network partition size and the number of wavelengths are given

Effects of a Dual-Purpose Inoculant on the Quality and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage at the Laboratory and Field Scales

This study investigated the effects of a dual-purpose inoculant (DPI) on the fermentation profile, nutritive value, and aerobic stability of silage. The inoculant effect was first examined with minisilos, and the results were later validated with 400-kg silo bales and a 40-t bunker silo. Briefly, whole-plant corn harvested at the one-half to two-thirds milk line stage was chopped and then treated with or without inoculant containing Lactobacillus plantarum LP1028 and Lactobacillus buchneri LBC1029 at application rates of 2.5 × 105 cfu and 5.0 × 105 cfu per gram of fresh forage, respectively. The results showed that applying DPI had no effect on the nutritive value in all trials. DPI inoculation also slowed yeast and mold growth in silage under aerobic exposure. Inoculation may double the aerobic stability time after 105 d of ensiling (53.25 vs. 113.20 h) in a bunker silo. This study successfully examined the effectiveness of DPI in minisilos, and the results were consistent when moving from the laboratory to the field. Applying DPI made the fermentation more heterolactic without compromising the silage nutritive value, and increasing acetic acid acted as an antifungal agent to inhibit spoilage microbial growth and improve silage aerobic stability

Exemplars of EEG from the three conditions, normal, spike and seizure displayed in both unipolar and bipolar montages.

<p>The right middle figure shows phase reversal of spikes in a bipolar montage.</p

Flowchart illustrating the system architecture.

<p>Flowchart illustrating the system architecture.</p

The magnitude and longevity of a burst.

<p>The magnitude and longevity of a burst.</p